If we're only talking about the toy right now, and only about the existing data on the toy, because we need to tick all the boxes, if the data on the NFC toy is not a copyrighted work, then maybe we're not violating the DMCA, either civilly or criminally! Unlike the Disney Infinity figure, nearly all of the Amiibo is readable, but some of it is marked as "locked & blocked" or "blocked.". The paradigm for toys-to-life games is well-established: one part kid-friendly video game, one part expensive, collectible figurines -- and a tethered NFC "portal" that ties them together. We should be able to play with our toys as we see fit, and it's up to us to assert our rights to do so. While certainly not obvious, it feels as if there is some sort of shifting to the left happening. Slide 33's toys are Lego Dimensions, a toys-to-life video game where assembling and re-assembling the portal and the figures' accessories is part of the gameplay. IMPORTANT. They are freedom fighters in spirit, living for action and their love for battle. And what does the paper say the first key is? You could have a larger Pikachu toy with the credentials to your QA environment at work. Fantastic, great. Sector zero, blocks 0-3, has the access bits 0f0f0f. Arguably, “a person circumvents a technological measure only when he affirmatively performs an action that disables or voids the measure that was installed to prevent them from accessing the copyrighted material.”. As discussed in the case study, by knowing the algorithm used to set the read/write passwords (keys A), we can interoperably read/write our own data to a Skylanders NFC toy. By gaining gold and experience, we can see that the same blocks that store the playtime counters probably also store gold, and that these new blocks seem to store experience: The NFC tags in these NFC toys are merely storage devices for numeric and text data that track your character's progress, which can't be covered by copyright. (This is the same as for any MIFARE tag. I am not a lawyer, and this was not legal advice. The new User Squad Skylanders are based off of real users on the actual Skylanders Fan Wiki. aa:83:b1:d5. These courts held that the mere purchase and use of such a device [unauthorized satellite and cable television decoders] for the defendant’s own benefit and that of his family and friends does not constitute “gain” within the meaning of that statute. and when you find the author's home page, you also find the fact that he worked with Toys for Bob, developers of Skylanders, for a year. (The last stable release of libnfc, 1.7.1, does not recognize the TNP3xxx tag inside Skylanders NFC toys as a MIFARE tag.) There are others makes of NFC toys, and the techniques we'll use can apply to them, but these are what we're talking about today. This is a "Kanan Jarrus" figure from Disney Infinity as seen in NXP TagInfo. report. That doesn't mean we can't be sued for this anyway! In exploring this Ninjini toy, we're really just taking the next steps in a long line of scholarship. Even if we're not circumventing an access control to read and write toy data, the toys are still used to access content within a game, and the game content is almost certainly under copyright. These are Amiibo cards, each card has an Amiibo NFC tag inside. Near-Field Communication (NFC) is a set of communication protocols for communication between two electronic devices over a distance of 4 cm (1 1 ⁄ 2 in) or less. Sector 1, blocks 4-7, and every sector after that, have the access bits 7f0f08. However, the proprietary NXP MIFARE tags can only be read by phones with NFC chips manufactured by NXP. Unlike Skylanders, which is all mostly original IP. While the first two screens are pretty bare. If you're just using these toys yourself, for yourself, there's no commercial advantage or private financial gain. Water is one of the tenelements introduced in the Skylanders series. Any Android phone with NFC support can read any NFC Type 1 through 4 tag. While you can beat the game with what comes in the starter kit, to reach 100% completion, and to collect every achievement, you need to buy additional types of characters and expansion toys. Just to make sure, let's try it with an even later model Trap Team figure, and we get: That's a valid key for block 9 (sector 2), and you can repeat that for a block in each of the remaining sectors. We're going to talk about NFC toys, which are toys, which have NFC tags embedded in them. Are the NFC tag keys and passwords effective access controls that protect the game content? (Disney Infinity was discontinued before a Peter Pan figure was released, but unreleased toys have made their way to online sellers. An ATQA of 0f 01 with an SAK of 01 means an Activision Skylander NFC toy. Here, we can see it's an NXP tag, too, specifically a MIFARE Classic (MF1S20) tag. (If you are interested in exploring the USB reader hardware, the end of the DMCA concerns documentation has some analysis and references which may be useful.). Consider writing your own data only to toys you no longer wish to use with the game. So, how can we tell if the data is uncopyrightable facts and figures, or copyrightable content? (This is the same as for any MIFARE tag.). 5. for commercial advantage or private financial gain. Cool, hands down. Slide 17's toys are Beasts of Balance, a connected tabletop game. Well, if you're like me, or like the security researchers who eventually figured it out, you buy and crack a lot more toys. Show of hands, who waves a security badge against a reader to get into their building at work? I am indebted to the hobbyists and researchers who went before me, and to everyone who publishes their notes, their documentation, and their software for others to learn from and build upon, but especially the Proxmark community, Adafruit's NFC and MIFARE explainer and the RFIDIOt Python library. A show of hands, who was personally into Disney Infinity. This Ninjini toy is from 2012, the Giants line. When you have a Proxmark listen in on the toy-base communication, you learn that Disney Infinity NFC toys use one key for the entire toy, both key A and key B for all five sectors is the same. It also comes with a Golden Dragonfire Cannon and Piggy Bank. Significantly, courts have rejected the argument that the meaning of the term “effectively” is based on how successful the technological measure is in controlling access to a copyrighted work. The condition on the figures is good, although they are all loose, and I have … Every NFC toy that controls access to content in a video game requires at least its initial presence on an NFC reader to access that content, suggesting the access control for the game content is the NFC toy as a physical object, in combination with the reader, plus the code in the game, all together. Valk's thesis even included the fact that patterns in the keys could be discovered, documenting that there were patterns, but he did not go so far as to document what the patterns meant. Another toy we didn't even get to discuss, the Pokemon Rumble U figures, don't even have write protection, you can do whatever you want with them right out of the pokeball. It gives us five pieces of information, as it should. In addition to a libnfc-supported NFC reader, plugged into our Mac or Linux computer, we'll also need to already know, or be comfortable figuring out, how to compile software ourselves, but we won't need to write anything new. Create your own data to write, up to 720 bytes, and save it. I will post answers to questions on nfc.toys, and reply to you with a link to your answer. 720 bytes writable on every Activision Skylanders NFC toy, 192 bytes writable on every Disney Infinity NFC toy, 428 bytes writable on every Nintendo Amiibo NFC toy. Those are the same 16 keys A, plus the UID, written "in place", where they'd be in a hexadecimal dump of the tag. A work must be an original, creative expression of an idea or concept, and it must be recorded in tangible form. This is a "Duck Hunt" figure from Nintendo Amiibo as seen in NXP TagInfo. That's it for my talk, we don't have time to do Q&A, but I'll reply on nfc.toys to any questions submitted. some even acknowledged by the companies affected, which actively and directly discuss security compromises in these NFC tags, and am just taking the next steps? Remember, all of these data transfers are happening wirelessly, over the air, even though the toy and the base are just a few millimeters of plastic apart. Slide 16's toys are Star Wars Force Link, a series of action figures, vehicles, and playsets. So, a show of hands, who has paid for something using an iPhone with Apple Pay. Here's a pair of Bluetooth headphones, which embed an NFC tag for easy pairing with your phone. and a console to play it on, since we need the conversation to happen. There's one more thing, going back to that quote we pulled from the Valk thesis. It's like that all the way down, for all 320 bytes. Sixteen bytes, times four blocks, times sixteen sectors, is 1K of storage: The last block in each sector stores two passwords, called key A and key B, and access bits in between them, which define which of the keys can read or write the blocks, as well as read or write the other key: In this sector from the payment card, the first password, key A, is hidden, unknown, X'd out, which probably means you need it to update the dollar value stored on the tag. Those are the 16 keys A necessary to read or write the Skylanders NFC toy, generated algorithmically, instead of using an exploit. We could search documentation and source code for common MIFARE keys and try each one of them against the key A and key B for every sector, and, spoiler alert, it'll eventually work, you'll eventually find one. Wikipedia describes the MIFARE Classic's memory size as so: The MIFARE Classic 1K offers 1024 bytes of data storage, split into 16 sectors; each sector is protected by two different keys, called A and B. That looks like this: (This output is just like NXP TagInfo's rendering of the payment card, just all smushed together.). (This is the same as for any MIFARE tag.). (Switch) Skylanders Imaginators - Joy-Con + NFC + Gameplay This channel is all about gaming in the best possible way. A show of hands, who has kids who were into Skylanders, and you had to buy them a bunch of stupid toys and video games over the past seven years? To figure it out, let's use that elite hacking technique called, go poking around the internet. However, the sector one key is the only exception as K[1] = K[0] ⊕ (K[0] ⊕ K[1]) does not hold across different NUIDs. You may also want the emlinsert.py Python 2 program, which makes it easier to create the file necessary to write custom data to an NFC tag, listed at the bottom of this page. I am not a lawyer, and this is not legal advice. To play the game, you place a figure on the portal, and that's the character you play as. There are slide numbers on each slide you can reference. to allow the tag to communicate back and forth, often just tens to a few hundred bytes. We talked about various off-the-shelf hardware and software you can use to explore these NFC toys, how that exploration can lead to determining read/write credentials, and how to write your own data to three different types of NFC toy. What each Amiibo toy does in each game varies by game: some only support specific figures, some store gameplay data on the figure, some will recognize any figure. Sector zero is read-only, and sectors 1 through 4 are readable and writable by both key A and key B. This one is great, the second screen explains a lot of the technical details of the content, like the manufacturer, the model of the headset, the kinds of Bluetooth protocols it supports, and more. which finally led NXP to tell people to stop using them. Verification of this hypothesis is shown in Table 5 and holds for all tested NUIDs. Sixteen sectors, a key A and key B each, means there can be up to thirty-two passwords you need to uncover to get access to a completely locked-down 1k MIFARE Classic tag, but what this paper tells us, is we only need to know one, and due to vulnerabilities in the tag's logic, it can figure out the rest from there. The reason is that, legally, some NFC toys may not count as regular NFC tags. These support new interoperability of Nintendo Amiibo NFC toys. 17 U.S.C. The thesis never says Skylanders by name, but knowing what we know now, it's easy to recognize that's what it's about. There's a different part of the DMCA, section 1201, known as the "anti-circumvention" provisions. 04:52:D7:52:01:49:81. Sequels were released in 2014 and 2015, resulting in over 300 NFC toys, between figures and accessories. First, I'm about to talk about legal stuff, but I am not an attorney, and this is not legal advice. Finally, I'll hand out NFC toys and worksheets for anyone in the audience who wants to try this out for themselves. All you need, is one known key. Writing your own data to an Activision Skylanders NFC toy. Those would be original creative expressions. If we were figuring out Amiibo ourselves, we'd have to work it like we did Disney Infinity, but we're luckier here in two ways. ), Address: 1NfCToYSmwwz7egVp9NSs3XSMLZiTzgZuN, Privkey: 5JWTJ699JaPRh2EjnVaNvAgcWvD2EqsvT9hExs3TA2G2sJBtVuF. Whether a defendant actually makes a profit is beside the point: what matters is that he intended to profit. Giant sized controller ahoy. Phones and libnfc-compatible hardware can get you far, but to figure out NFC tags that are password-protected and not exploitable, you'll need to be able to listen in on the wireless communication between the tag and the reader, and that means using more serious hardware. Everything we're going to cover is a grey area, and I'll be positioning it as such, because it's things that can only be decided by a judge in a court. NFC tags are more like tiny, slow, wireless flash drives. BestTom No.255 Wolfgang ACNH Animal Villager Card Fan Made.Third Party NFC Card Bank Card Size Water Resistant for Switch/Switch Lite/Wii U 1. price S$ 17. Each key can be programmed to allow operations such as reading, writing, increasing value blocks, etc. United by their unique abilties and loyalty to their leader, Master Eon, as well to each other, family, and friends, the Skylanders all share the purpose and destiny to protecting Skylands from all things evil. Obviously, an NFC tag's keys or passwords are "technological measures." Being able to do things you want with things you own, even if they have electronics or software inside them, is a core tenet of the Right to Repair, and there was a, James Chambers presented more in-depth, technical work on Nintendo Amiibo toys in, a technological measure that effectively controls access (i.e., an access control). 88% Upvoted. You could have a Kickoff Countdown toy store your World Cup predictions. I have the necessary nfc tags and capsules to make my tokens. This algorithm supports new interoperability of Disney Infinity NFC toys. The photo in slide 9 is by Matt Biddulph. On nfc.toys, you'll find a video showing me writing custom data using a Mac with an off-the-shelf, USB NFC reader, and reading that custom data back out with an Android phone, using a standard app from the Google Play store, NXP TagInfo. If you compile and run their libnfc_crypto1_crack program with a Giants figure, you'll get: That's a valid key for block 4 (sector 1), and you can repeat that for a block in each of the remaining sectors. Log in or sign up to leave a comment Log In Sign Up. What technologies do the Skylanders figurines use? The majority rule in criminal copyright cases for a higher standard of willfulness is also generally consistent with civil copyright cases. For the toys to work as they do, across multiple platforms, and offline, with every key A on every toy being different, there has to be some formula or math that sets them, that the portal or game knows, that has to be based on some fixed, immutable information about the character, like the content in sector zero. So for about sixteen months, I ran a web service that accepted a Disney Infinity toy UID, passed it along to the Proxmark for simulation, listened in for the key, and then posted it publicly. Question. It's simple enough that you can do it by hand, with pen and paper, enabling us to write 428 bytes of our own data onto any Amiibo NFC toy. Skylanders is a toys-to-life action-adventure video game series published by Activision. NXP is a major manufacturer of NFC tags, and they've promoted the use of their NFC tags in games like Skylanders since at least 2011. 49. If you're selling keys? None of the ten keys are standard keys, so any exploit that relies on knowing a key won't work. When you name your character, and earn points and collect items, they're stored in the NFC tag in the toy. That it may be intended to protect copyrighted content is what makes any possible circumvention illegal. Then, we'll see how to write our own data to those three different types of NFC toy, and talk about the legal implications of doing so. Let a prefix be the 16-byte (32-character) hexadecimal representation of the integer computed by the multiplication of the four prime numbers 3 and 5 and 23 and 38,844,225,342,798,321,268,237,511,320,137,937, Let a postfix be the 15-byte (30-character) hexadecimal representation of the integer computed by the multiplication of the three prime numbers 3 and 7 and 9,985,861,487,287,759,675,192,201,655,940,647, Compute the SHA-1 digest of the 38 bytes encoded by the 76-character hexadecimal concatenation of the prefix and the UID and the postfix, The key A for all sectors is 6 bytes, represented in hexadecimal as 12 characters: in order, the 4th and 3rd and 2nd and 1st and 8th and 7th bytes of the computed SHA-1 digest.
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